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Usage of Need and Dare

Both need and dare can be used as auxiliary verb and main verb. When used as auxiliary verb, it works just like other modal auxiliaries, such as 'can', 'may', 'will', 'shall', etc. When used as main verb, they are like any other verb, such as 'run', 'go', 'come', 'take', 'work', 'joke', etc. Examples: As auxiliary verb: They needn't walk home, they can catch a bus. How dare you disobey my orders? Need you really take that risk? She dare not make the first move at any cost. I need drive to Joe's immediately. As you have seen, dare and need don't agree with the subject or use 'to' when used as modal auxiliary. It's just like 'can' or 'may': such as, "I may drive to Joe's immediately", "Can you really take that risk?" Used as normal verb: I need to get the attestation before applying. She does dare to do a lot of things. Do you dare...

Foreword and Forward

These are two often-mistaken words. Some people believe that there is only one word, forward , which means 'ahead', 'toward the front', etc. They believe the same word is used to denote 'the introductory note' of a poetry or anthology. Some other people believe the word for introductory note is foreward . No, there are two words, foreword and forward . Foreword comes from two words, 'fore' and 'word' (not 'for' and 'ward' or 'fore' and 'ward'), which hence means, a word that comes before other words, an introductory word or a collection of words that form the introduction. That's why the word, foreword means 'introductory note'. Forward has several meanings, but only one of them corresponds to a noun. It's always an adverb, adjective, or a verb, but not a noun (except in football (soccer for Americans)). Here are the meanings: Adjective: ahead, toward the future, at the front, lacking disc...

Literally, Practically, and Virtually

It's literally freezing in there. It's practically freezing in there. It's virtually freezing in there. You may have seen sentences similar to these used every now and then. The words, literally, practically , and virtually , are all used in these instances to convey emphasis to what's being said. For this need for emphasis, literally and virtually were originally used a lot, but somehow practically also found its way to this and is getting popular. But despite this common meaning, each of these words has its specific place in English; let's see it now. 1. Literally: Literally has actually held the meaning, "in a manner that accords with the literal sense of the words", as the American Heritage Guide tells. In that sense, we should not be using literally in the sentence above. But it went on to be used as a word for emphasis and stayed so. But actually, literally should not be used when a metaphor is present, as in the above sentence. A way to k...

Artist and Artiste

Artist, pronounced in the same way, can mean "creator or performer of any kind of art form". Another meaning the word is applied to is "a deceitful person". There is a separate word, 'artiste', in existence, which in popular belief is the feminine form of 'artist'. But it is not true. An artiste is either a professional performer or someone wanting to be recognized as having artistic talents. This word is pronounced, 'arteest'. According to Oxford, previously artist was not used for the meaning of 'performer of art'. But now that the word covers both meanings, artiste has almost gone out of use or finds use only in the most formal of occasions.

Ain't: An Old Usage That Still Sustains

I ain't going to no school today. She supposed that she ain't his lover anymore. Though Jack insisted, Jill ain't moved the garbage. As evident from these three non-standard sentences, including the double-negative one, 'ain't' is a tried-and-tested short form for pretty much all of the auxiliary verbs, except the modal auxiliaries. 'Ain't' was originally conceived in the 1700s, as a better usage of 'an't', which was the shorter use for 'are not' and 'am not'. These usages underwent their share of criticism over the centuries, for being non-standard and inelegant. But it found profuse usage even among the people of the upper class. The user needn't worry much about grammar rules since 'ain't' can be used for both plural and singular forms. There is nothing wrong in using 'ain't' in fiction dialogs and informal conversation, but stick to the standard auxiliaries in all formal occasions. ...

Birth of Born and Borne

There is quite a bit of confusion among readers about the words, 'born' and 'borne', both past participle form of 'bear'. Let me clarify in this post. To mean 'to give birth to a child', we associate the term, 'bear'. But this word has a lot of other meanings, such as 'tolerate', 'to carry something', 'to support something or somebody', 'produce something', etc. These examples will show you the use: She thought she could bear her boyfriend's child. His class couldn't bear his lousy lectures anymore. My apple trees bear the best of apples in the entire state. The word 'bear' has two past participle forms, associated with 'to give birth' meaning. They are 'born' and 'borne'. These two should be associated with two different meanings as below. 1. Use 'born' if you are talking about the child, in a passive sense. My father was born in the middle of the last cen...